Children are among those most affected by the digital revolution. For them, exposure to screens has become a daily component from an early age. This article looks at the effects of this overexposure on their cognitive and social development.
Understanding exposure to screens
Screen exposure encompasses the use of all digital devices such as televisions, computers, tablets and smartphones. Today's children are increasingly exposed to them. This raises concerns about their impact on development and well-being.
Definition and different types of screens
Screen exposure refers to time spent in front of digital devices. This practice has become commonplace from an early age, raising questions about its impact on children's development. Questions to assess the associations between digital media use and poorer development scores.
Statistics on children's exposure to screens
A study published on Wednesday, April 12, 2023 by Santé publique France, involving more than 18,000 children, reveals that 2-year-olds spend almost an hour a day in front of a screen, with ever-increasing consumption of screens as they grow older.
Screens and their effects on children's development
Cognitive development
Research shows that exposure to screens can influence children's cognitive development in a variety of ways. A study by Bahia Guellai et al (2022) reveals that the effects depend largely on the viewing context, including adult behavior and the content watched REF[^1^]. Attention, memory and problem-solving skills are most affected.
Language development
The study by Taigan L. Macgowan and L. Schmidt (2020) reveals associations between screen time and varied gender outcomes, indicating a potential influence on the social and cognitive development of REF[^2^] preschool children. Further research suggests that the deleterious effects of this overexposure to screens in everyday life are delayed language acquisition and communication skills.
Long-term effects
Overexposure to screens during childhood can have long-term effects. There is a heightened risk of attentional problems and lower academic performance. The consequences for mental and physical health are not negligible. The blue light emitted by screens can disrupt children's sleep. It is therefore essential to limit the use of digital media before bedtime.
Early desocialization
Excessive exposure to screens is associated with early de-socialization. This will impact on children's social interactions and emotional development. Digital devices can limit opportunities for face-to-face interaction. These are essential for social and emotional development.
Special case: television on during family meals
Does television on during family meals affect children?
Television during family meals can reduce the amount of interaction between parents and children. Verbal and non-verbal exchanges between family members will be limited. Children's socialization and early language development will also be compromised. Family ties are weakened.
An increasingly important role for televisions
A study shows a negative relationship between time spent watching television during family meals and an impact on cognitive development in early childhood. However, exposure to this device is not limited to mealtimes. It extends to all hours of the day, as it is one of the devices most within the reach of the youngest children.
Research and studies on exposure to screens
Key figures and studies available
A study in Chandigarh, India, found that 59.5 % of children aged 2-5 had excessive screen time, exceeding the recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics REF[^3^].
Results of key studies and French research
Research shows correlations between screen time and various aspects of children's development and well-being. This highlights the importance of moderating exposure to screens from an early age. Studies specific to national contexts such as France continue to explore the cultural and social impact of screen exposure on children.
Management and recommendations for children's exposure to screens
Parents need to set clear rules about screen time. This will give them the opportunity to encourage enriching alternative activities. It's also up to them to choose content that is age-appropriate and beneficial to their children's development. Adults play an essential role in moderating exposure to screens, by acting as role models and establishing daily routines that limit screen time.
Recommendations for children's exposure time by age group
0-3 years
- No screens.
3-6 years
- Very limited use of screens.
- Avoid if possible.
6-9 years
- One hour of screen time per day max.
- For education.
- Adult present.
9-12 years
- Educational content without the Internet.
- Adult next door.
12-16 years
- Internet with control.
- Adult watches.
16-18 years
- More freedom on the Internet.
- Educational use.
- Adult supervision recommended.
The recommendations also include the careful selection of content. Engaging children in a variety of activities to support their physical, cognitive and social development is paramount.
Strategies for parents
Families can set up "screen-free zones" in the home and dedicated times for off-screen leisure to encourage physical play and social interaction. Activities such as reading, board games and outdoor pursuits can be beneficial alternatives to screen time. Families can create a healthy environment with clear, consistent rules on screen use. Open discussion of digital content is the best way. Parents can use timers or applications to control and manage screen time.
Balancing advantages and disadvantages
Choosing educational and interactive programs can help maximize the benefits of screen time. This type of continuity aids learning and development. Striking a balance requires a thoughtful approach that recognizes both the educational potential and the risks associated with exposure to digital devices. The most important thing is to maximize the benefits while minimizing the negative effects.
In conclusion
Children's exposure to screens is a complex subject that requires special attention. Research shows that, under certain conditions, exposure to screens can have positive, neutral or negative effects on cognitive and social development. It is therefore advisable to adopt a balanced approach. To achieve this, it is vital to heed evidence-based recommendations, but also to favor diversified activities for the overall development and well-being of toddlers.
Disclaimer
This article is based on scientific studies available up to the date of writing. Research in this field is constantly evolving, and we recommend consulting current sources for the most up-to-date information.
References
REF[^1^]. Guellai, B., Somogyi, E., Esseily, R., & Chopin, A. (2022). Effects of screen exposure on young children's cognitive development: A review. Frontiers in Psychology. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.923370 ↩
REF[^2^]. Macgowan, T. L., & Schmidt, L. (2020). Preschoolers' Social Cognitive Development in the Age of Screen Time Ubiquity. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. https://dx.doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0093 ↩
REF[^3^]. Birken, C., Maguire, J., Mekky, M., Manlhiot, C., Beck, C., Jacobson, S., Peer, M., Taylor, C., McCrindle, B., & Parkin, P. (2011). Parental factors associated with screen time in pre-school children in primary-care practice: a TARGet Kids! study. Public Health Nutrition. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011000516 ↩
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